See United States v. White, 406 F.3d 827, 835 (7th Cir.2005); United States v. Castillo, 406 F.3d 806, 823-24 (7th Cir.2005). Matt Brandon of the CHA tactical unit. "And they really do have elaborate procedures.". Davis also argues that the sentencing court erred by admitting unreliable hearsay evidence when determining that he possessed with intent to distribute 50 to 150 grams of cocaine under U.S.S.G. United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. The district court's determination concerning a defendant's role in the offense is a finding of fact, subject to a clearly erroneous standard of review on appeal, United States v. Brown, 900 F.2d 1098, 1101 (7th Cir.1990), and this remains the case post-Booker. A and B's statements also unequivocally acknowledge that the order to beat or issue a violation to Williams-which resulted in her death-was issued by Hankton personally.13 They also related that the violation or beating was ordered because Williams had stolen some money from the gang. At a press conference that included officials from the FBI, Chicago police and the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, U.S. Atty. They were originally known as the Cobrastones, and were formed in the Robert Taylor Homes in the early 1960s. 26. Nevertheless, as we have stated, the rules of evidence do not apply at sentencing, see Hardamon, 188 F.3d at 849, and the judge was entitled to consider any relevant evidence assuming that evidence included a sufficient indicia of reliability. See Robinson, 164 F.3d at 1070. The Mickey Cobras now have their own unique written constitution and by-laws, which show a strong Islamic influence, just like those of the modern-day BPSN. Said differently, Hankton takes issue with the sentencing judge's focus on his leadership conduct which he claims is unrelated to the underlying crime of distribution of a controlled substance. Nonetheless, [a] defendant has the due process right to be sentenced on the basis of accurate information. United States v. Salinas, 62 F.3d 855, 859 (7th Cir.1995) (citing United States v. Mustread, 42 F.3d 1097, 1101 (7th Cir.1994)). "The leaders of street gangs should understand we know who they are, we know how to catch them and we're going to continue to be coming after them," Lassar told reporters. 16. Last summer, Hilbring recalled, officers seized an instruction list that a West Side gang was passing out to its drug customers. Please try again. Through the use of the cooperating witness, the FBI was able to conduct a number of controlled purchases of crack cocaine. On the record before us, we cannot ascertain with any exacting degree of certainty whether the sentencing judge would have imposed identical sentences for Hankton and Davis had he known that the sentencing guidelines were not mandatory at the time. Thus, because the plea agreements submitted at sentencing were corroborated by the credible testimony given by Agent Darin, as well as the live testimony of co-defendant Olden-both of which were subject to thorough cross-examination at sentencing-we hold that the sentencing judge did not err, much less commit clear error when considering this most reliable evidence when determining that Hankton was responsible for distributing in excess of 500 grams of crack cocaine pursuant to U.S.S.G. See Parra, 402 F.3d at 762. Heroin laced with fentanyl has been. However, as stated above, the rules of evidence do not apply during sentencing proceedings and hearsay is not only an acceptable basis for a sentencing determination, United States v. Smith, 3 F.3d at 1100, it is often an integral part of the sentencing process. Badger, 983 F.2d at 1459. The Mickey Cobras now have their own unique written constitution and by-laws, which show a strong Islamic influence, just like those of the modern-day BPSN. Andrew Martin and Tribune Staff Writer. ", Rule No. However, because we have held that the court's consideration of the co-defendant's plea agreements at sentencing did not constitute clear error under any circumstances, we need not separately discuss Davis' challenge to the enhancements to his sentence under 3B1.1(b).Nonetheless, even if we were to hold that the plea agreements were unreliable and should not have been considered, the enhancement was still supported by the record. (T. 1981, 1993). Robert Guthrie, a former gang-crimes investigator who now oversees the department's public housing unit. Which would make his base offense level 32. We disagree and believe this argument is misplaced. "They don't want any trouble . Specifically, Agent Darin testified as to the meaning and context of a number of intercepted phone conversations Davis had with Hankton and other individuals in which Davis discussed cooking large amounts of powder cocaine in order to produce crack cocaine. In addition, the district judge specifically found Agent Darin to be a credible witness, a determination which bolstered the judge's decision that Darin's testimony concerning the wiretap conversations was reliable. To corroborate Detective Charles' testimony, the government introduced sworn statements from two sub rosa government witnesses, identified in the record only as A and B.12 In their statements both witnesses identify Hankton as the don or leader of the MCs at Cabrini-Green. Clarence Hankton, identified by authorities as the gang's second-ranking leader, was charged as the lead defendant with 18 others in the narcotics conspiracy case and also indicted on murder conspiracy charges for the slaying of 24-year-old Annette Williams in 1994. Nonetheless, Hankton argues that the sentencing judge's mention of his leadership role in the organization while finding that he was also eligible for a sentence enhancement for distributing more than 500 grams of cocaine under 2D1.1 constituted impermissible double counting. At Davis' sentencing hearing, the government began by calling Agent Darin to the stand as the first witness in support of the contention that Davis' sentence should be enhanced for the possession with the intent to distribute 50 to 150 grams of crack cocaine. The rationale for this is clear: The sentencing stage of a trial is one of the most important parts of the criminal process. The district court sentenced Davis at the low end of the sentencing range and ordered that he be imprisoned for 210 months. In 2006, multiple people died from overdose when a strengthened variant of heroin made its way into the houses. Specifically, he claims that notwithstanding evidence that he held a high rank in the MCs, his role in that organization did not make him a leader or organizer in a drug distribution offense. Hankton stresses that his rank in the MCs alone did not translate into leadership responsibility, much less control over the gang's drug distribution activities. Torres-Ramirez, 213 F.3d at 980-81. However, unlike Hankton, Davis does not claim that Agent Darin's testimony was unreliable. "If there's no rules, no one knows what's going on. (T. 1993, 2223, 3194). "The Horatio Alger of today is the gang leader," said Knox, referring to the 19th Century author made famous by his stories of rags-to-riches success. Mickey Cobras Foondit 1954 Namit efter Henry "Mickey" Cogwell Foondin location Westside, Chicago, Illinois, U.S. Years active 1954-Present Territory Chicago, Illinois Ethnicity Maistly African American Creeminal activities Drog Trokin, Robbery, Extortion, Murther Allies People Nation, Black P. Stones, Vice Lords Rivals For example, in her plea agreement, Ngaya Brunner admits purchasing three eight-balls of crack cocaine from Davis, which translates into approximately 10 and one-half grams.25 The prosecution concluded that, when the plea-agreements were considered in relation to Agent Darin's testimony that Davis was a seasoned cook of cocaine, the reasonable inference was that Davis was responsible for possessing with the intent to distribute 50 to 150 grams of cocaine. The court also considered the testimony of Detective Charles and the statements made by Witnesses A and B in determining that Hankton was indeed a leader of the criminal enterprise. Indeed, the plea agreements were more than sufficiently corroborated at Hankton's sentencing hearing by the credible testimony of the live witnesses, i.e., Agent Darin and Detective Charles. In particular, Darin testified concerning the contents of an intercepted phone conversation of July 24, 2000 between Davis and the previously mentioned co-defendant, Jammah Olden, where the two argue over what Davis refers to as his workers. Evidently Davis became aware of the fact that Olden was selling drugs in an area where his workers were and became upset with him, telling the unidentified person (most likely Olden) on the phone that y'all better not be [sic] get caught selling [t]hey's [sic] my workers. Two days later a telephone call from Davis to Hankton (Jammah Olden is on the tape and can be overheard in the background) illustrates Davis' anger over Olden invading his workers' drug spot or lick and warns that if his people weren't allowed to continue selling drugs in that area he would fry that motherf[***]r up.. "The dope and the money-making is more important than the brotherhood," said Cmdr. You must be 16 years old to work "on the line." Both Hankton and Davis challenge the district court's enhancement of their sentences based on drug quantity. Hankton's initial argument is that statements made by Agent Darin concerning various wiretap phone conversations should not have been relied on by the sentencing judge in his determination that Hankton was responsible for the distribution of more than 500 grams of crack under the guidelines. 841(a)(1). In the last two decades, authorities said, they have confiscated typewritten gang bylaws and constitutions, rules for drug dealing, charts of gang hierarchy and a how-to guide for drive-by shootings. (internal citations omitted); (citing United States v. Parolin, 239 F.3d 922, 929 (7th Cir.2001)). As Charles explained, Hankton held the position of don or foreman of the MCs at the Cabrini-Green housing project where Williams lived, and had the authority to order a violation of this kind. 2D1.1 and 3B1.1 to his sentence constituted improper double counting. See id. Chicago Police Detective Kenneth Charles, one of the officers charged with investigating Williams' murder and a court recognized expert on the MCs, related information that he uncovered which led him to believe that Hankton had ordered the beating that resulted in Williams' death. Bell pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 40 years in prison, while the other two enforcers--Jamaine Jackson and Carl Williams--were convicted at trial and given 60-year prison terms each, according to Assistant State's Atty. Davis pled guilty to possession with intent to distribute cocaine and admitted that on June 27, 2000, he obtained approximately 250 grams of powder cocaine from Hankton, with the intention of distributing it to others.22 Nonetheless, the government argued at sentencing that Davis was responsible for the possession of more than just the 250 grams of powder cocaine that he admitted to in the plea agreement. We disagree. The collective name of joined gangs under the five point star banner (V.L.,B.P.S.,L.K., M.C.,4.C.H.,). Nonetheless, as Agent Darin's testimony and the phone conversations established, Hankton dealt primarily in crack and the large wholesale purchases were made with the intent of converting the powder cocaine into crack. Davis also threatened violence when he learned that Olden's drug dealers had invaded his territory. This evidence unquestionably evinces a level of control sufficient to satisfy the manager or supervisor enhancement pursuant to 3B1.1(b). 846 and 18 U.S.C. Olden stated that Hankton regularly supplied him with crack (not powder cocaine) which he was instructed to sell to others.17 Specifically, Olden testified that beginning in June of 2000 (until approximately October of 2000) Hankton had personally supplied him with amounts of crack cocaine ranging from one-eighth ounce to one-half ounce every three or four days. 29. Olden also explained that in 1997, Hankton held the position of Don of Dons of the Cabrini Green projects on the north side of the city of Chicago, a position granting Hankton authority over other gang members. The Mickey Cobras now have their written constitution and by-laws, which, like the modern-day BPSN, have a strong Islamic influence. According to metric-conversions.org, .375 ounces equates to approximately 10.63107 grams. Knox's textbook, "An Introduction to Gangs," lists several gang constitutions, which are filled with rules, pseudo-religious ramblings and the expected problems with spelling. Learn more about FindLaws newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. Finally, over objection from defense counsel, the government introduced the plea agreements of seven of Hankton's co-defendants.19 In the plea agreements, which were signed and approved by each of the co-defendants and received into evidence at sentencing, the co-defendants describe receiving primarily crack cocaine from Hankton. 841(a)(1) (Counts II, III, IV, and V) and Davis was charged with knowingly and intentionally possessing with intent to distribute approximately 250 grams of cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. Improper and impermissible double counting only occurs when a district court imposes two or more upward adjustments within the guideline range, when both are premised on the same conduct. U.S. v. Haines, 32 F.3d 290, 293 (7th Cir.1994) (emphasis in original). 14 for the Mickey Cobras is "There will be no more paying brothers and sisters to do your security. R. Evid. In addition, the judge agreed to maintain the two witnesses statements under seal on the similar grounds. See U.S.S.G. 1820, 40 L.Ed.2d 341 (1974). We disagree. Reversal will be warranted only if, after reviewing the entire evidence, we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. United States v. Sheikh, 367 F.3d 683, 687 (7th Cir.2004) (quoting United States v. Frazier, 213 F.3d 409, 417 (7th Cir.2000)). See id. Accordingly, lest we allow an illegal sentence to stand, we believe it appropriate to order a limited remand in this case, while retaining jurisdiction, for proceedings consistent with this court's decision in Paladino, 401 F.3d at 483-84. A central theme to the Mickey Cobras' rules is respect for the drug customer. Armed with this information, the government obtained arrest warrants for 19 individuals connected with the MCs and, on January 2, 2001, Hankton and Davis were apprehended on allegations of conspiring to possess cocaine and crack with the intent to distribute, in violation of 21 U.S.C. Limit bathroom breaks to 15 minutes. The District Court's Determination of Hankton's Drug Quantity. Accordingly, consideration of any additional amounts attributable to him via his leadership role in the MCs was superfluous.30. Specifically, Hankton argues that: (a) statements made by government witnesses at sentencing constituted unreliable hearsay and should not have been considered; and Hankton and Davis argue that (b) the introduction of plea agreements signed by co-defendants in the case also qualified as unreliable hearsay evidence and likewise should not have been considered. Put simply, a district court may not characterize the same conduct in two different ways to arrive at two separate sentence enhancements that result in an upward adjustment of the sentencing range. In most gangs, Knox said, the street-level security and sellers are rewarded with some money, occasional parties and the hope of moving up the gang ladder. Around 1993-94 the various gangs in the Maniac Familia, led by the Manic Latin Disciples (MLD's) began having violent conflicts with . Gang members who sell "packs" of cocaine "on the line" must be finished with work by midnight. Also, the reliability of the plea agreements-as well as Agent Darin's testimony for that matter-was bolstered by the fact that, at sentencing, Hankton took advantage of a reasonable opportunity to rebut the hearsay evidence used against him. United States v. Barnes, 117 F.3d 328, 338 (7th Cir.1997) (quoting United States v. Francis, 39 F.3d 803, 810 (7th Cir.1994)). Hankton's claim of impermissible double counting finds no support in the record, much less the voluminous amount of case law on this subject. Instead, Davis claims only that the introduction of the co-defendants' plea agreements constituted clear error due to the fact that the agreements were inadmissible hearsay. Both men also contend that the district court erroneously enhanced their sentences based on insufficient and unreliable evidence. Accordingly, it is well-settled law that hearsay is not only an acceptable basis for a sentencing determination, United States v. Smith, 3 F.3d 1088, 1100 (7th Cir.1993), it is often an integral part of the sentencing process, United States v. Badger, 983 F.2d 1443, 1459 (7th Cir.1993). The fact that Davis called no witnesses at sentencing and failed to successfully discredit Agent Darin on cross-examination, however, evinces nothing more than a shortcoming in the presentation of his case and falls far short of establishing error on the part of the trial judge. As this court has previously noted [i]t is well known that drug dealers commonly use code language out of fear that their conversations will be intercepted. United States v. Harris, 271 F.3d 690, 702 (7th Cir.2001). Co., 434 U.S. 159, 161 n. 1, 98 S.Ct. Gutta cobras (including) thf44 in the lowend probably the deep spot for cobras but they not . Thus, because Agent Darin's credible testimony corroborated the information contained in the co-defendants' plea agreements, the sentencing court did not err in finding that evidence reliable in concluding that Davis was responsible for possessing with the intent to distribute 50 to 150 grams of crack cocaine.27, B.Hankton's Leadership Role in the Offense. Olden testified that eventually Hankton became King of the north side of the city. Three Mickey Cobras members, including Lindsey Bell, the gang's chief enforcer, were convicted in Cook County Criminal Court of beating Williams to death with baseball bats in a hallway outside her apartment in the Cabrini-Green public housing development. See United States v. Martinez, 289 F.3d 1023, 1028-29 (7th Cir.2002) (holding that reliability may be established by corroborating evidence). Finally, the rules make clear that anyone who violates them will be dragged before the gang's "board" and punished. Gatlin was murdered because he provided information to the police about the murder of Tony Dawson, a previously unsolved homicide in Minneapolis. Reported as permanently closed. "It's a fallacy that they put on paper that you have to be 16 on the line. See United States v. Puckett, 405 F.3d 589, 597 n. 8 (7th Cir.2005); United States v. Edwards, 397 F.3d 570, 574 (7th Cir.2005). http://www. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). 7-8, when stating that Hankton exercised authority over persons, certainly well more than five or ten. However, Hankton claims that rather than directing its remarks to Mr. Hankton's conduct as it related to the actual offence, i.e., drug distribution, the court dwelled on Mr. Hankton's gang activities. This statement is nothing more than a self-serving red herring. United States v. Giordano, 416 U.S. 505, 549 n. 1, 94 S.Ct. "The loyalty is to the dollar," said Sgt. In particular, Ngaya Brunner admits to purchasing approximately 10 and one-half grams of crack from Davis. During the mid 1950s the Egyptian Cobras fought heavily with a gang called the 14th Street Clovers. Specifically, Hankton and Davis claim that the district court erroneously calculated the quantity of drugs attributable to them and that evidence (e.g., wiretap evidence) concerning their respective leadership roles in the drug offenses was inadmissible and unreliable and should not have been considered by the sentencing judge. 364, 54 L.Ed.2d 376 (1977). "He's got the props. The MS-13 is well known for their violent Behaviors. Although there was some ambiguity in Olden's testimony as to his interpretation of the terminology used by the MCs to refer to crack cocaine, he eventually testified that he purchased a hard form of cocaine from Hankton. Control means access to the profits from the drug trade. 19. Thus, [s]o long as the information which the sentencing judge considers has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy, the information may properly be taken into account in passing sentence. United States v. Robinson, 164 F.3d 1068, 1070 (7th Cir.1999) (quoting United States v. Taylor, 72 F.3d 533, 543 (7th Cir.1995)). While in the gang, he achieved the rank of a 'prince.' He identified defendant in court as someone he had known for 20 years. See id. The evidence presented at sentencing did not separate Hankton's activities into two distinct categories of: (1) gang activities; and (2) drug activities. Further, even if we were to assume, arguendo, that the testimony given by Agent Darin as well as the co-defendants' plea agreements was unreliable, the live testimony of Jammah Olden, without more, supported-or at the least lent great credence to-the conclusion that Hankton distributed in excess of 500 grams of crack cocaine. The disparate nature of behavior addressed under each enhancement, without more, suggests that impermissible double counting pursuant to those particular enhancements would be most unlikely. 2. The gang's various criminal undertakings were coordinated through a hierarchical-type infrastructure and included, but were not limited to, the possession and distribution of powder cocaine and cocaine base (better known as crack).3. He's got the Mercedes, and he's got a BMW too. In addition, it was the government's position that the plea agreements received in evidence demonstrated Davis' authority position in the MCs, citing references to him as Sultan Supreme or lieutenant in the gang and leader of the MCs at the Lathrop Homes. Like many of Chicago street gangs, the Mickey Cobras have a long history. Rule No. 53rd and state was the most notorious MC set but of course they're long gone. Hankton and Davis were also charged with the knowing and intentional use of a communication facility (i.e., a telephone) in the commission of a felony (distribution of a controlled substance), and four separate counts of knowing and intentional distribution of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. 28. 9. At FindLaw.com, we pride ourselves on being the number one source of free legal information and resources on the web. Scott Lassar said the pursuit of street gangs remained a top priority because of their control of narcotics in Chicago and the resulting violence. See U.S.S.G. Days later in another conversation, Hankton asks Davis-who was apparently having problems cooking up some crack-whether he was cooking it on a stove or not, and Davis responds: No. 3B1.1(b). Subtracting 3 points for Hankton's acceptance of responsibility, see U.S.S.G. In order to corroborate Agent Darin's testimony, the prosecution called one of Hankton's co-defendants, Jammah Olden. In the Illinois prison system, they are a part of the People Nation. Imo..I think Maniac Cobras don't mess with other Mickey Cobra sets near them and I guess they don't go under the 5 (.. or they don't have structure and plus they only have love for their OWN set than any other sets.. like 051 for example. While it may be true that the sentencing judge primarily focused on Hankton's gang activities, there was good reason for doing so. We review the district court's determination of drug quantity and role in the offense, in the same manner as before Booker, for clear error. United States v. Sutton, 406 F.3d 472, 474 (7th Cir.2005) (citing United States v. Parra, 402 F.3d 752, 762 (7th Cir.2005)). 10. And gang members are forbidden from selling crack on the ground level of the building. The gang has distributed narcotics since the late 1960s . Hankton has failed to point to anything in the record which might render Agent Darin's testimony at sentencing unreliable, aside from his assertion that portions of his Darin's testimony constituted inadmissibly hearsay. June 16, 1993)). In order for a judge to be well advised of the facts surrounding the defendant's background, and particularly in view of the judge's obligation to the general public, as well as to the defendant, to be fair, reasonable, and just, it is imperative that he be allowed to draw upon a wealth of information concerning the defendant's background, from his date of birth up to and including the moment of sentencing In order to render justice to all the judge must be able to impress upon a defendant through the expansive contents of an all encompassing sentencing report that we are a country of laws and not men. FindLaw.com Free, trusted legal information for consumers and legal professionals, SuperLawyers.com Directory of U.S. attorneys with the exclusive Super Lawyers rating, Abogado.com The #1 Spanish-language legal website for consumers, LawInfo.com Nationwide attorney directory and legal consumer resources. Five others remain fugitives. TermsPrivacyDisclaimerCookiesDo Not Sell My Information, Begin typing to search, use arrow keys to navigate, use enter to select, Stay up-to-date with FindLaw's newsletter for legal professionals. Latin Disciples are one of the original gangs in the Folk alliance, alongside the BGD's (Black Gangster Disciples), Simon City Royals, Spanish Cobras, Satan's Disciples, Ashland Vikings, Two-Six, and others. The regular Mickey Cobras sets are definitely under the 5 (People Nation . As explained infra, the rules of evidence do not apply at sentencing, thus the judge's decision to consider the code language testimony given by Agent Darin was squarely within his discretion. The rules make it clear that activities normally associated with gangs, like graffiti and fighting, are not acceptable while drugs are being sold, he said. However, as noted above, the relevant inquiry is not whether the plea agreements submitted at sentencing constituted hearsay, see Smith, 3 F.3d at 1100, but whether the plea agreements included a sufficient indicia of reliability to support [their] probable accuracy, Taylor, 72 F.3d at 543, which we conclude that they did. See United States v. Schmeilski, 408 F.3d 917, 920 (7th Cir.2005). Based on his understanding of the inner-workings of the MCs, Charles stated that on April 12, 2004, Williams had been issued a severe beating or violation as the MCs called it, for allegedly stealing approximately $3,000 from the gang. The LA Eme is a Hispanic Organized crime. 3B1.1(a).11. Notes [ edit] The gang long has controlled the area of the Hole, though most of the other buildings in Robert Taylor are the turf of their rival, the Gangster Disciples. See, e.g., United States v. Sutton, 406 F.3d 472, 474 (7th Cir.2005). See United States v. Paladino, 401 F.3d 471, 481 (7th Cir.2005). 841 and 846. The members of the gang used phrases such as a 16th or a teenager to refer to 1/16th of an ounce of crack cocaine, eight-ball, ball or Michael Jordan to refer to 1/8 of an ounce of crack cocaine, quarter, quaker or quake to refer to 1/4 of an ounce of crack cocaine and onion, zone or piece to refer to a whole ounce of crack cocaine. They are members of the People Nation in Illinois prisons. When determining the drug quantity attributable to Hankton pursuant to 2D1.1 the judge specifically found that, considering the admissions of the defendant in the plea agreement as well as the evidence concerning the intercepted phone conversations, Hankton was responsible for distributing well beyond 500 gram[s] of crack. Meaning that, without anything more, evidence of drug transactions referenced in the telephone recordings that Agent Darin testified concerning was sufficient to attribute over 500 grams of crack cocaine to Hankton under the sentencing guidelines. Meanwhile, Davis held the position of Sultan Supreme, a lieutenant and leader of the MCs at a particular locale-in this instance the Lathrop Homes projects on the north-west side of the city. See Salinas, 62 F.3d at 859. See United States v. Sutton, 406 F.3d 472, 474 (7th Cir.2005) (citing United States v. Benitez, 92 F.3d 528, 538 (7th Cir.1996)). 8,000 to 10,000 that lives in the United States of America. 6A1.3); see also United States v. Hardamon, 188 F.3d 843, 849 (7th Cir.1999) (stating that during the sentencing phase of a criminal proceeding the rules of evidence do not apply and the sentencing judge is free to consider a wide range of evidence including hearsay.). Made public recently by police sources, the sheets outline how gang members should behave while peddling drugs in the Robert Taylor Homes. The Mickey Cobras' drug operation is set up so that shifts of "security" patrol the lobby area, acting as lookouts for police or anyone else who might interfere with drug sales, according to police and the list of rules. 45 warns, though it doesn't specify the punishment. The list is a detailed explanation of how to act as "security" for drug sales and how to sell "packs" of crack in three buildings of the Robert Taylor Homes that are controlled by the gang. Primarily, the group known as Mickey Cobras controlled the sale of narcotics and the life of most residents up until the 2000s. It is consistent with what the court has heard as the various defendants have entered their pleas of guilty. We agree with this assessment. 2518(1)(b) & (c). See supra p. 13. In addition, the government contended that Hankton's offense level should be increased by 4 levels because the defendant was an organizer and leader of criminal activity that involved five or more participants, pursuant to U.S.S.G.

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