+rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. . Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. Given the size of Nigeria, it lays claims to being the Giant of Africa. Many nations in the international community recognizes her as such. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. 3 0 obj Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. Rt. I love this article,very educating and interesting First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Fourthly, there shall be the existence of court to interpret the constitution as it applies to cases and conflicts among the tiers of government. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. This has nexus with the particular sharing formula adopted. Federalism also in this manner, preserves cultures of the minorities from being drowned in the ocean of the cultures of the majorities. Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The crux of the matter is that the minorities fear the domination of the majorities, but federalism allows them some independent existence, and as such, their fears, both real and fancied, are allayed. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. The advanced economies where Nigeria had borrowed leaves from, such as USA practice federalism. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of The paper begins by placing the question in an historical context examines its different phases and characters. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. All rights reserved. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. It needs proper review so that the country can move forward as a nation. welcome, and thanks for reading us. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. 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The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. Dear Chidera, federalism allows the creation of ethnic-based federating units (States). The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Hon. Parliamentary and Unitary system of government were in operation in Nigeria between 1914 and 1946. Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. 74 . The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. 4 Topics . 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. Federalism in Nigeria. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. /F2 9 0 R It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Further Philosophical Issues 4.1 Sovereignty or federalism 4.2 Issues of Constitutional and Institutional Design 4.3 Sources of Stability 4.4 Division of Power 4.5 Distributive Justice 3. stream Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. Federalism can be defined as a system of government in which political powers of the state are shared between the central government and other component units. Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. Here, both the majority and minority are represented in the government. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. What is federalism? As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. Do you want to know the basis and the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Moreover, You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). /Filter /DCTDecode Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Be the first to get hottest news from our Editor-in-Chief, Check your email and confirm your subscription. In some areas where major communal or other social antagonism cuts across territorial boundaries, ranging through all the federating units, communities or classes have been driven to seek to protect or strengthen their position by inter-territorial union. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. %PDF-1.5 And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. Nigeria thus consists of various ethnic groups and sub-national states, all of which are at the mercy of the Central government. Also see: Historical constitutional development in Nigeria explained. He is also a Developer with knowledge in HTML, CSS, JS, PHP and React Native. /Filter /FlateDecode /Font << ff>qsfN? And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, The politics and problem of fiscal federalism and revenue allocation formula in Nigeria: Who should get what, how, when and why, Resource Control: a Necessary Element for True Federalism in Nigeria, THE IMPACT OF STATE JOINT LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT ON STATE LOCAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH WESTERN NIGERIA, MEMORANDUM ON TRUE FEDERALISM SUBMITTED BY THE 'RESTRUCTURE NIGERIA' COMMUNITY AS A RESPONSE TO THE APC COMMITTEE CALL ON TRUE FEDERALISM, THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & SOCIAL STUDIES The Legal Framework for the Corporate Existence of Nigeria, Intricacies and paradoxes federalism and secessionism in Nigeria.pdf, Civic Education Curriculum Implementation, NIGERIAN FEDERALISM AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: PURSUIT, PROSPECTS AND IMPEDIMENTS TO UNITY AND NATION BUILDING, Constitutions Making, Amendments, Reviews and Nigerias Political Development: Mere desire to unite is not enough but there must be the desire to remain separate in respect to other matters. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. Samuel is bent on changing the legal profession by building Web and Mobile Apps that will make legal research a lot easier. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? The history of Ijaw, Edo, Igala, Yoruba, Igbo, Nupe and Hausa Kingdoms are enriched with social-political relationships that existed before the emergence of the white man. a group of selected academic teachers this book is suitable for adoption as a resource for a case driven approach to teaching "Corporate Governance" courses at an upper undergraduate or graduate level. 2. /Type /XObject Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. That notwithstanding, The origin and concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Power Sharing Formula 2. (eds. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. Manages And Maintains And Secures Nigeria. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. /Height 235 Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. With the total area of 923,768 km, Nigeria can not justifiably be administered by a lone leviathan from the top. % Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. ! READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Required fields are marked *. /F3 12 0 R The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Reasons for Federalism 3.1 Reasons for a federal order rather than separate states or secession 3.2 Reasons for preferring federal orders over a unitary state 4. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Reasons for a state to adopt a federal system include the need to reflect linguistic, economic and cultural differences of a population, especially one that is concentrated geographically. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Full History of Nigerian Federalism. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. The paper contends that unitary federalism in Nigeria is an imposition and extension of colonial and military entrenched inequalities in the Nigerian state. This research work x-rayed federalism in Nigeria as the only basis upon which Nigeria can remain united despite its diversity and peculiar conditions in which the different tribal groups live in and proffers solutions to the challenges of the practice of . A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. In this article, i will comprehensively discuss the reasons for federalism in Nigeria. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? We appreciate you. REASONS FOR ADOPTION OF FEDERALISM According to IDEA (2015:3), federalism is adoption for the following reasons: Scale: This credited the operation of federalism to the adoption of democracy which allowed for citizens to participate directly in political life. Resource control: 3.7 7. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. The chief architect of this theory is Riker. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. The logic for this call, nay, agitation for self-determination by this group is not faulty in itself except that the laws of the land; Nigeria 1999 Constitution (as amended) does not guarantee self-determination or secession by any group of the Nigerian political environment. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence.

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