At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. 214 High Street, Student / Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. [Referencing this date is very good, because it demonstrates to the examiner awareness of WHY the question includes this date in the first place. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. King Philip of Spain sent an. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. to answer the Section Focus Question: It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. - send 2000 to rebels. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. 2. France was at war with England and Spain. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . . LS23 6AD - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. This increased tension between England and Spain. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. First English colony in Virginia established. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. Continue with Recommended Cookies. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. VAT reg no 816865400. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. West Yorkshire, J. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. VAT reg no 816865400. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. By 1568 most people had accepted. Norfolk was killed in 1572. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Boston Spa, Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. These ensured the plots were uncovered before they could be fully developed. What were the causes of westward Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. From there we will look at the career . I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. English Catholic Francis Throckmorton was the link of communication within this plan. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. The rebellion involved a force of approximately 5500 men and, for approximately a month, the north of England (from Alnwick to Pontefract, east of the Pennines) was in the control of the northern earls. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). Elizabeth I - the last Tudor monarch - was born at Greenwich on 7 September 1533, the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. She was then third in line behind her Roman Catholic half-sister, Princess Mary. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. Save. 2) This war was not a success. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. he could also overthrow her. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Become a Member | The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions.

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